Areas Of Excellence

Corrosion Engineering
Coatings Expert Provision
Paint Expert Provision
Corrosion Expert Provision
Rust Expert Provision
Coatings Specialist Provision
Paint Specialist Provision
Corrosion Specialist Provision
Rust Specialist Provision
Coating Failure Analysis
Corrosion Breakdown
Coating Specification Review
Marine Paint Specialists
Coating Forensic Analysis
Interaction of Coatings & Anodes
Expert Witness
Paint Testing
Stray Current Corrosion
Ballast Tank Examination
Antifouling Paint Failures
New Building Quality Review
Pitting of Stainless Steel
Arbitration
Cathodic Protection
Courses & Education
Ship Inspections

Enhancing Coating Lifetime in Mid-Life Tankers and Bulk Carriers

Dr L.M. Callow
P&C Consultants Ltd.
143 Kolokotroni Street,
Piraeus 18536
Greece

UK Office Tel: +44 1928 734 996
UK Office Fax: +44 1928 734 998
Email: lescallow@hotmail.com

Many of the first double hulled tankers built in the early 1990’s are reaching the mid-point in their predicted service lifetimes. The very large coated areas in the ballast tanks will be starting to require serious attention in the very near future. The present economic conditions in the tanker market preclude large scale refurbishment and alternative methods have to be evolved to enhance the coating lifetime until economic conditions improve.

The currently very buoyant bulk carrier market also inhibits the time consuming repairs that may be pertinent. Carefully targeted coating repairs used in combination with the judicious placement of sacrificial anodes, appear to be the answer. However, unless very carefully controlled, this strategy can often result in the very rapid breakdown of the coating repairs.

The answer is to understand the mechanism driving the paint breakdown, carefully measure its extent, locate the weak areas of the coating and then evolve a method for dealing with those particular areas.

Understanding the mechanism and probable progress of the corrosion phenomena present allows surveying to be taken some steps further into the field of prediction. Identifying imminent catastrophic coating failure is vital. Techniques and mechanistic models have been developed to enable a clear and quantitative assessment of the remaining useable ballast tank lifetime to be reached. The ability to make an accurate assessment in this area enables:

1. A cost effective maintenance and repair strategy.
2. Expensive repairs and steel renewals to be avoided.
3. Clear pre-purchase assessments of vessels to be made.
4. Sale or repair decisions to be made on an informed basis.

Breakdown Mechanisms.
Ballast tank steel corrosion and the breakdown mechanisms of coatings are all electrochemical in nature, with a large cathodic area driving a small anodic area. The large areas of the flat surfaces are usually the cathode sites, with the welds and edges being the anodic sites. This results in a strong tendency for the corrosion current to focus on any areas of weakness or non-uniformity in the coating.

Coating barrier properties are affected by the electrochemical processes that are occurring in the tank. The resistance of the coating to corrosion remains high for several years over the majority of the surface, but as some areas begin to decline in their resistance with time, this increases the level of electrochemical stress. After a period of time, there is a rapid loss of barrier effect in the flat areas. This generates the large and invisible cathodic site. Identifying and quantifying these cathodic areas is key to any successful maintenance strategy.

Breakdown Time Scales.
Over its lifetime, a coating undergoes a series of changes in its barrier properties. As a coating ages, it goes through three major stages: initiation, stabilisation and breakdown. The time that it spends in each stage is extremely variable. The initiation phase can be said to last between six months and two and a half years. During this time, the barrier properties tend to increase in a somewhat erratic manner.

The coating then enters a stabilisation phase where its barrier properties slowly decline over a number of years. When the barrier properties decrease to a certain level, a failure point is reached where catastrophic breakdown is initiated and the electrochemical loading in the ballast tank increases dramatically due to reduced coating barrier properties in the cathodic areas. Changes in the level of coating breakdown are shown schematically in figure 1.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of ballast tank coating breakdown vs service life, showing phases of the coating lifetime.

Quantifying Breakdown.
The normal Classification Society method of quantifying ballast tanks gives three categories, “good”, “fair” and “poor”. However when a ballast tank has reached a “fair” condition, the useable lifetime of the coating has probably been exceeded and steel repair will become inevitable, as the coating will be well out of the “stabilisation” phase and will be in he “breakdown” phase.

It is important to be able to detect coating breakdown before the point that extensive refurbishment becomes necessary. In order to do this, it is necessary to assess the coating breakdown in a manner that enables the breakdown mechanism itself to be understood.

The vessel structure also needs to be understood in terms of how the breakdown on the edges and welds interacts with that on the flat areas. Once breakdown has initiated it is important to quantify its level and severity. Two methods are available: visual and instrumented assessments.

Visual Quantification of Breakdown.
Traditionally, percentage area charts or scatter diagrams have been used to determine a percentage breakdown area for the whole ballast tank. Typical charts are shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Typical diagrams used for the assessment of coating breakdown.

These charts often look nothing like the real thing, as in coated ballast tanks, the flat areas rarely breakdown first and corrosion tends to spread from the edges. To reflect this, a new set of charts has been developed and typical examples are shown in figure 3.

Figure 3. Examples of new style coating breakdown assessment charts.

The onset of catastrophic failure of coatings is often indicated visually by weld and edge breakdown. As quantification of these phenomena is of paramount importance, new linear extent diagrams have been developed to assess the extent of breakdown in these areas. The edge diagrams shown are also used to quantify edge calcareous deposit jacking.

Figure 4. New extent diagrams for assessment of corrosion at edges.

The most important point of the survey is to identify if the coating failure point has been exceeded. This is usually indicated by the extent of breakdown exceeding 1% and an increase in the rate of sacrificial anode consumption that usually results in pitting of the anodes. At this point, maintenance by crew touch up or repair becomes increasingly more difficult.

Instrumented Quantification of Coating Breakdown.
Instead of frequent close up visual examinations, barrier property measurements on the flat (cathodic) areas gives the earliest indication that the failure point has been exceeded. Comparisons over a large number of vessels shows a good correlation with visual methods.

Instrumented methods of measuring coating barrier properties give more reliable and consistent results. Electrochemical patch probes designed for coating assessment can be used to give a quantitative measure of the quality of the coating.

Measurements of the substrate potential also provide information on the type of corrosion reaction occurring. The combination of both types of instrumented methods allows areas of weakened coating to be located for repair.

Some areas of the tanks begin to fail sooner than others and picking up this failure at the earliest possible time enables preventive remedies to be used that can extend the coating lifetime. Coating failure shows up first in instrumented measurements, then in sacrificial anode consumption rates and finally in visual observations of coating breakdown at welds and edges. A patch probe is shown in use in figure 5.

Figure 5. In-situ measurements of coating barrier properties.

These patch probes are the only method to date of locating weak cathodic areas. The first point at which sites of failure can be detected is usually at the one year guarantee inspection. From the point of view of middle aged tankers and bulk carriers, an enhanced coating condition survey immediately prior to the second special survey is vital and can give:

1. An accurate assessment of the current status of the anti-corrosion measures in place, such as original coatings, effectiveness of repairs, anode condition, etc.
2. A prognosis of probable service lifetime prior to any further repairs.
3. A calculation of balanced sacrificial anode requirement to manage corrosion without causing damage to the coating.
4. An estimate of which areas of the intact coating are active, invisible cathodes and will require repair at the same time as the corroded areas.
5. A proposal of a number of suitable repair or refurbishment strategies, based on the above.

With care and careful management of both the coatings and the cathodic protection anodes, these mid-life vessels should have a viable later life.